The gut-brain peptide GLP-1 is foremost known to control glucose homeostasis by its ability to increase pancreatic insulin secretion and reduce hepatic glucose production (Nauck et al., 2021)
2-HG has also been implicated in tumor immune evasion
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Chen, L., Sun, S., Gao, Y
While the exact mechanism for sleep-related hiccups is not fully understood, they may be associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or other conditions that affect the diaphragm or esophageal motility during sleep
However, further investigation is needed to elucidate the specific regulatory relationships between GLP1R agonists and different autophagy subtypes (e.g., selective mitochondrial autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum autophagy), and to clarify the differential roles of GLP1R in different retinal cell types using technologies such as spatial transcriptomics at the single-cell level, to achieve precise intervention in DR treatment
